A Case Against Passing Legislation That Requires A Quota...

1. Make a case for and a case against passing legislation that requires a quota for women on corporate boards. It is easy to make a case to pass legislation for a quota for women on corporate boards. There is statistical data showing a difference in pay between men and women. Women often hit a ‘glass-ceiling’ when it comes to promotions in the workplace; and even when they are able to progress, it is often more difficult than men. Women lack a female mentor in the workplace to sponsor them because women who are in a position of power are afraid of losing that position. According to the text, â€Å"women who have achieved positions of power in male-dominated environments may fear competition from other women and actively work to undermine them† (Allard Harvey, 2015). Lastly, on a global scale, four prominent countries (Norway, Finland, France, and Italy) have already passed legislation involving quotas for women in corporate positions (Allard Harvey, 2015). Even though there are many reasons women should have legislation to help dissolve their ‘glass-ceiling’, a case could be made against â€Å"Pink Quotas† (Allard Harvey, 2015). Companies would have to choose women over men in hiring decisions. That kind of pressure could potentially cause employers to hire women who are not qualified for the job or outsource those positions to women outside the country who are qualified. 2. If women face difficulty in climbing the corporate ladder in part due to a lack of mentors for women,Show MoreRelatedThe Legal Environment: Equal Employment Opportunity and Safety6188 Words   |  25 Pagesalong with court case examples. Next, sexual harassment and the Americans with Disabilities Act are discussed. Finally, the chapter reviews what policies and practices employers may develop regarding employee safety. Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, the student should be able to: 1. Identify the three branches of government and the role each plays in influencing the legal environment of human resource management. 2. List the major federal laws that require equal employmentRead MoreBoard Dynamics and the Inï ¬â€šuence of Professional Background, Gender and Ethnic Diversity of Directors11390 Words   |  46 Pages218 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Board Dynamics and the Inï ¬â€šuence of Professional Background, Gender and Ethnic Diversity of Directors* Nicholas van der Walt** and Coral Ingley Exploring the appointment of directors of different professional backgrounds, levels of independence, age, gender and ethnicity, this paper develops a taxonomy describing what is meant by diversity on the board and its implications for decision-making. Board conï ¬ guration is considered in terms of empirical evidence highlightingRead MoreThe Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India19963 Words   |  80 Pagesscams and corporate collapses across the globe. A key aspect that is being debated in the corridors of India is whether we need major regular changes to improve corporate governance, or whether improved standards of corporate governance could be achieved through adoption of principle based standards of conduct. Perhaps the most vital corporate governance legislation in recent years is the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2002 of US which is becoming a global benchmark for internal best practices in corporate governanceRead MoreArticle II: Declaration of Principles and State Policie s16349 Words   |  66 Pagestransmission, and interchange of property, and the determination its liabilities for debt or for crime 4. The determination of contract rights between individuals. 5. The definition and punishment of crime. 6. The administration of justice in civil cases. 7. The determination of the political duties, privileges, and relations of citizens 8. Dealings of the state with foreign powers: the preservation of the state from external danger or encroachment and the advancement of its international interestRead MoreBusiness in Singapore30736 Words   |  123 PagesWay - Costs Involved in a Listing Exercise SINGAPORE’S EMPLOYMENT LANDSCAPE - Employment Standards and Regulations - Employee Rights WORKING IN SINGAPORE - Types of Employment Passes - A Summary of Levy Changes for S Pass/ Work Permit - Statutory Board Contributions 42 TAXATION IN SINGAPORE - Introduction - Income Tax - Taxes on Individuals - Taxes on Corporation - Productivity and Innovation Credit (PIC) - Tax Incentives - Dividend Payment - Transfer Pricing - Withholding Tax - Double Tax AgreementsRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pages441 441 CASE STUDIES A summary of the case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in theRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management72324 Words   |  290 Pagesstrategy? What different models are there of HR strategy? How is Strategic HRM Different from Other Aspects of HRM? So what determines an organisation s HRM strategy? Is legal compliance strategic? So is responding to ethical issues strategic? So is corporate social responsibility strategic? Page 2 2 3 5 6 6 7 12 12 13 14 14 B. C. D. E. How Does Research Show that Strategic HRM Adds Value to an Organisation? 15 CIPD-Sponsored Research 15 Linking Human Resource Strategy to PerformanceRead MoreUK - Analysis Report31935 Words   |  128 Pagesthe authorities face the unenviable challenge of striking a balance between keeping the distribution of indigenous technology profitable and maintaining a competitive advantage. Business legislation encourages commercial activity; however, traditional liberties are affecting changes to legislation The legislation that affects the business environment in the UK has been created and amended in such a way that the interests of investors are generally given priority. This is evident from the fact thatRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company and Disney Management25371 Words   |  102 PagesPART SIX cases 2 THE CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT OF GLOBAL MARKETING O UTL I N E O F CASES 2-1 The Not-So-Wonderful World of EuroDisney— Things Are Better Now at Disneyland Resort Paris 2-2 Cultural Norms, Fair Lovely, and Advertising 2-3 Starnes-Brenner Machine Tool Company: To Bribe or Not to Bribe? 2-4 Ethics and Airbus 2-5 Coping with Corruption in Trading with China 2-6 When International Buyers and Sellers Disagree 2-7 McDonald’s and Obesity 2-8 Ultrasound Machines, India, China, and a SkewedRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesRecession 21 Off Shoring 21 Mergers 22 A Look at Ethics 22 Summary 23 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 24 Key Terms 24 HRM Workshop 25 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 25 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 25 Case 1: Work/Life Balance at Baxter 25 Working with a Team: Understanding Diversity Issues 25 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Acting Ethically 26 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 26 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: Invasion of Privacy? 9 WORKPLACE ISSUES:

Short Story Beautiful Animals - 1645 Words

Beautiful Animals Shelby knew she had to do it. Even though she didn’t want to, she had to. Her brilliant brain ran through the possible scenarios of what could go awfully wrong. She knew one thing was perfectly clear, and she had to do it soon. Taking off her shoes, she jumped in; her blue and pink hiking shoes sat atop a grassy ledge watching Shelby. Her thick, brown hair fell into her face as she swam like a fish with no fins. Quickly, she dove down to the bottom of the murky water. Shelby tried to find something to hold on to but just gave up for then it would have been too late for the duck. Previously, Shelby was riding her blue mountain bike through the dense wood. As she was watching the river, she had seen a duck get sucked under. Her veterinarian instincts told her that that the adult duck could hold its breath as if it was a whale. Also, none of the animals in the river would even think of taking a bite of a bird like that one. Finally, she felt something that felt like a duck flippe r. Shelby wasn’t quite sure of what it was, but she felt like it was the duck. Straining her muscles she finally pulled the creature out of the muck. Picking it up, she was disgusted to find out that the animal in her hands was not a duck, but a slimy, green trout that had died a while ago. Tossing it back into the gross fish into the equally foul water, she kept searching. Still persistent, Shelby kept the search going. The sticky sand sucked to her arm giving herShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast1444 Words   |  6 Pageslove and admire the captivating tales of the Disney Princesses. Cinderella and Snow White are two magnificent tales of princesses and the trials and tribulations each young lady is put through. Though these stories differ in some ways, such as conflict and plot, one can see that both stories show how important friendship is to overcoming obstacles and finding true love. â€Å"Mirror, Mirror, on the wall, who is the fairest of them all?† In the enchanting tale of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, vanityRead MoreThe Ones Who Walk Away From 1861-18651692 Words   |  7 Pagesthey will never truly escape from the knowledge of this rotting child in the basement. Their happiness will never be fully unconditional, and so â€Å"all smiles have become archaic† (1). They are almost forcibly happy, not because they have orgies, a beautiful city or drooz; but because Omelas has inequality. Without the child, all greatness, every aspect of Omelas would become mundane and happiness would no longer exist. The existence of the child makes it an unconscious responsibility to be happy. TheRead MoreUnequality in Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut 849 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Greek philosopher Aristotle once said, â€Å"The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things equal.† Kurt Vonnegut portrays Aristotle’s philosophy brilliantly in his short story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron.† The story depicts the American government in the future mandating physical handicaps in an attempt to make everyone equal. Vonnegut describes a world where no one is allowed to excel in the areas of intelligence, athletics, or beauty. Yet, the inequalities among the people shine evenRead More Analysis of The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber by Ernest Hemingway909 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber by Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway is known for producing novels and short stories with ambiguous endings. In his short story, The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, he definitely leaves his readers guessing. The question is whether Margot kills her husband, Francis, intenionally, or if she accidentally shoots him in an effort to save his life. There are many points that could be argued for both conclusions, but my observationsRead MoreThe Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber Essay801 Words   |  4 Pagesthis common phrase has few words, but a intense meaning. In Ernest Hemingway’s short story, â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,† the overcoming of fear is shown throughout the story. Francis Macomber and his wife Margaret Macomber are on an African safari with a man name Robert Wilson. Hemingway portrays Francis Macomber as wealthy and beautiful, yet cowardly. Macombers wife Margaret also young and beautiful, but seemingly dissatisfied with her husband of eleven years. Robert Wilson isRead MoreAn Analysis of The Flowers by Alice Walker826 Words   |  4 PagesFlowers† by Alice Walker Short stories are known to have two very distinct characteristics which are interrelated: they are compressed and concentrated. By compressed, they mean that the writer squeezes as much information as possible so that it is still considered a short story. When it comes to the story being concentrated, they typically mean taking out anything that is not essential to the conflict and how the protagonist deals with that conflict. In the plot of short stories there is usually an expositionRead MoreBible vs. Mythology994 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween Greek Mythology and The Bible. Whether it’s the creation of man and women, or the universe, stories have been told throughout time and some can be alike and others completely different. There are people that have gathered, translated and recorded all of these events for us now to learn about. Whether a person believes it is true or not is up to them but if a God is real how come the stories between these two different beliefs can be s o similar. A strong similarity is the creation of man andRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay1410 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"The lottery† ENGL 202: Literature and Composition Spring 2013 Turbian Style Thesis: Death is the main theme of both short stories and both authors portrayed this dark and dreary idea as a game the characters are playing. Outline: â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson vs. â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† by Richard Connell I. Introduction: a. Traditional acts and survival instincts is the key to win or lose the game of death b. Will one allow society or your own reasoning decided if oneRead MoreThe Depressing Life of an Old Woman in Death in the Woods by Sherwood Anderson1136 Words   |  5 PagesSherwood Anderson’s â€Å"Death in the Woods† tells story of the depressing life of an old woman told many years later by a man who narrates the short story. This short story is driven by a plot structure that is told by a sequence of events, a narrator who tells the story, characters, theme, symbolism, and tone. â€Å"Death in the Woods† narrates a sequence of events—the life and death of Mrs. Grimes in its plot structure. This story does not just express the old woman’s tale, but re-tells it. The readerRead MoreThe Contribution Of Ruskin Bond1499 Words   |  6 Pageswhich is oriented to the interests of humans who are viewed as opposed to and superior to nature and are free to exploit natural resources and animal species for their ulterior ends. Ruskin Bond holds the view that all living things and their earthly environment, no less than the humans, possess importance, value and even moral rights. In his short stories, man and nature are not mutually exclusive oppositions. On the contrary, these two entities are interconnected and also mutually constitutive

The Cause of bank failure Free Essays

One member of the group is normally appointed to act as the managing or lead bank for the syndicate and it is the role of this bank to coordinate all negotiations, payments and administration between parties once the contract has been executed-it Is a multi bank transaction with each bank acting on a several basis, which means that each ann. acts on its own without responsibility for the other banks in the syndicate. If a bank fails to honor its obligations as a member of a syndicate, the other syndicate banks have no legal obligation to satisfy them on that bank’s behalf. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cause of bank failure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Syndicated loans are normally used to finance the purchase of capital assets or the acquisition of another business line or company. The syndicated credit market is one of the largest and most flexible sources of capital in the international market place. Loan syndication do happen In Zanzibar but are not very common. PROJECT LOANS – project loans has been used to describe all types of financing of projects, both with and without recourse. A financing of a particular economic unit in which a lender is satisfied to look initially to the cash flows and earnings of that economic unit as the source of funds from which a loan will be repaid and to the assets of the economic unit as collateral for the loan. Involve loans to finance major capital Investment projects for which the cash flow arising from the project will either be the sole or main repayment source. Such projects are usually financed by major banks because of the large amounts involved and the need for full technical evaluation for example building a major dam or prospecting for 011. The loan Is usually provided on a medium or long term basis. There are often other side benefits resulting from segregating a financing as a project financing which may have a bearing on the motives of the company seeking such a structure. These benefits include: – Credit sources may be available to the project that would not be available to the sponsor. Guarantees may be available to the project that would not be available to the sponsor. – A project financing may enjoy better credit terms and interest costs in situations In which a sponsor’s credit is weak. – Higher leverage of debt to equity may be achieved. Legal requirements applicable to certain investing institutions may be met by the project but not by the sponsor. C) LEASING -A lease is a contract wherein, over the term of the lease, the owner of the equipment permits another entity to use it in exchange for a promise by the latter to make a series of payments. The owner of the equipment is referred to as the lesser. The entity that is being granted permission to use the equipment is referred to as the lessee. A typical leasing transaction works as follows. The lessee first decides on the equipment needed. The lessee then decides on the manufacturer, the make, and the model. The lessee specifies any special features desired, the terms of warranties, guaranties, delivery, installation, and services. The lessee also negotiates the price. After the equipment and terms have 1 OFF How to cite The Cause of bank failure, Papers

Hauora free essay sample

If a person puts themselves first before others and their personal ambitions they are considered unhealthy. Communication through emotions is more powerful than words. If people show what they feel, instead of talking about their feelings, this is regarded as healthy. Te taha Wairua refers to spiritual well being. It is believed that if someone is lacking this they are more prone to ill health Wairua may also explore relationships with the environment, between people, or with heritage.The breakdown of this relationship could be seen in terms of ill health or lack of personal identity. Te taha Tinana refers to physical well being There is also the question of personal space to take into account. Maori consider stepping over someone as rude and demeaning to that persons mana (personal authority/power). However there are different ways in which respect is shown to another person. For example Maori tend to have minimal eye contact and respect each others space in formal situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Hauora or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Body language is also an important feature to note.Whanau/Family is the prime support system providing care, not only physically but also culturally and emotionally. For Maori, whanau is about extended relationships rather than the western nuclear family concept. Maintaining family relationships is an important part of life and caring for young and old alike is paramount. Everyone has a place and a role to fulfil within their own whanau. Families contribute to a persons wellbeing and most importantly a persons identity. A Maori viewpoint of identity of identity derives much from family characteristics.It is important to understand that a person carrying an ancestral name will often be seen as having the qualities of their namesake. It is important to be aware for Maori, a persons identity is gleaned by asking Where are you from rather than What is your name? Maori identity is based upon an ancestral Waka (canoe) a physical landmark, which is usually a Maunga (mountain), a body of water Awa (river), Moana (sea) and a significant Tupuna (ancestor). Once this is known people can share a common bond.

A Quantum Computer... a future technology Essays - Quantum Computing

A Quantum Computer... a future technology Essays - Quantum Computing A Quantum Computer... a future technology Mike Damewood By the strange laws of quantum mechanics, Folger, a senior editor at Discover, notes, an electron, proton, or other subatomic particle is "in more than one place at a time," because individual particles behave like waves, these different places are different states that an atom can exist in simultaneously. Ten years ago, Folger writes, David Deutsch, a physicist at Oxford University, argued that it may be possible to build an extremely powerful computer based on this peculiar reality. In 1994, Peter Shor, a mathematician at AT&T Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, proved that, in theory at least, a full-blown quantum computer could factor even the largest numbers in secondsan accomplishment impossible for even the fastest conventional computer. An outbreak of theories and discussions of the possiblity of buildig a quantum computer now permeates itself thoughtout the quantum fields of technology and research. It's roots can be traced back to 1981, when Richard Feynman noted that physicists always seem to run into computational problems when they try to simulate a system in which quantum mechanics would take place. The caluclations involving the behavior of atoms, electrons, or photons, require an immense amount of time on today's computers. In 1985 in Oxford England the first description of how a quantum computer might work surfaced with David Deutsch's theories. The new device would not only be able to surpass today's computers in speed, but also could perform some logical operations that conventional ones couldn't. This reasearch began looking into actually constructing a device and with the go ahead and additional funding of ATPeter Shor made the discovery that quantum computation can greatly speed factoring of whole numbers. It's more than just a step in micro-computing technology, it could offer insights into real world applications such as cryptography. "There is a hope at the end of the tunnel that quantum computers may one day become a reality," says Gilles Brassard of University of Montreal. Quantum Mechanics give an unexpected clarity in the description of the behavior of atoms, electrons, and photons on the microscopic levels. Although this information isn't applicable in everday household uses it does certainly apply to every interaction of matter that we can see, the real benefits of this knowledge are just beginning to show themselves. In our computers, circut boards are designed so that a 1 or a 0 is represented by differering amounts of electriciy, the outcome of one possiblity has no effect on the other. However, a problem arises when quantum theories are introduced, the outcomes come from a single piece of hardware existing in two seperate realities and these realites overlap one another affecting both outcomes at once. These problems can become one of the greatest strengths of the new computer however, if it is possible to program the outcomes in such a way so that undesirable effects cancel themselves out while the positive ones reinforce each other. This quantum system must be able to program the equation into it, verify it's computation, and extract the results. Several possible systems have been looked at by researchers, one of which involves using electrons, atoms, or ions trapped inside of magnetic fields, intersecting lasers would then be used to excite the confined particles to the right wavelength and a second time to restore the particles to their ground state. A sequence of pulses could be used to array the particles into a pattern usuable in our system of equations. Another possibility by Seth Lloyd of MIT proposed using organic-metallic polymers (one dimensional molecules made of repeating atoms). The energy states of a given atom would be determined by it's interation with neighboring atoms in the chain. Laser pulses could be used to send signals down the polymer chain and the two ends would create two unique energy states. A third proposal was to replace the organic molecules with crystals in which information would be stored in the crystals in specific frequencies that could be processed with addtional pulses. The atomic nuclei, spining in either of two states (clockwise or counterclockwise) could be programmed with a tip of a atomic microscope, either "reading" it's

Anne Bradstreet Essays

Anne Bradstreet Essays Anne Bradstreet Essay Anne Bradstreet Essay Anne Broadsheet poem A prologue she is stating that she is different because she is a woman that writes. Woman were not supposed to write and speak their minds. She states But simple My she is saying that her skill is simple compared to his. But you can tell there is a hint of sarcasm behind her writing. She is writing this to try to fool people into thinking that she thinks woman cannot write. B) Anne Breadbaskets A prologue is an apology. An apology is a form of poetry that Raritan often involved a self-effacing or self-humbling stance. The poet either apologizes directly or in directly. She also shows examples of backsliding. Backsliding is a term the puritans used to show even the ones that were among the most elect might diverge from the behavior that God required them to do. C) Anne Broadsheet has a lot of examples for backsliding. Back then woman are not supposed to write and were only supposed to have children and stay in the kitchen to cook food for their families. Woman were seen more as objects than as human beings. She acknowledges her role as a woman in society but does not agree with It. She even recognizes the supposed superiority that men have over woman, Men can It well (40). She also realizes what she Is doing Is out of the ordinary for woman at the time, l am Tongue(25) she Is showing that she knows that she Is a woman that has a mind of her own and that It Is difficult to please the people around her because of it. She goes on to acknowledge the role of woman In the puritan days by eying, who Lets(26). She apologizes to those around her by trying to put herself down sarcastically and with humor. In the first stanza she even says that there are some things she shouldnt be writing about, Like war. She realized that even If she were to write a good poem that most people would thing she stole It or someone else wrote It and she put her name on It, but she kept writing because that was what she liked to do. She wanted to show that woman were Inferior to men.

Decorative Arts of Saudi Cultural Heritage Research Proposal

Decorative Arts of Saudi Cultural Heritage - Research Proposal Example The need for effectiveness in planning, space utilization as well as functional architectural design promoted the advancements of interior design. For instance, Majilis paintings have represented an aspect of interior design practiced by Saudi people from Asir province. The decorative arts embraced by interior designers of both residential and commercial specialties reveal the connection between the historic nomadic life and the art of interior design practiced by Saudi Arabians. There are two outstanding significances of the art of interior design among the people of Saudi Arabia and especially the Majilis of Asir province. As mentioned earlier, art was a very effective way of expressing a community’s lifestyle. The Majlis who were nomads expressed their way of living through the art of interior design and presented a great way to connect among themselves and give them an identity. The second significance of art among the Majilis of Asir province is that it was a great way of passing on their culture and traditions from one generation to another. All through the earlier centuries, the Majilis had built a heritage that incorporated their customs and values that united them together as a people. Each province in historic Saudi Arabia had its own form of art that was highly distinguishable from that of a different province. Basing on the quality of the paintings and interior design, one could tell how wealthy a family or a community was. It was a great way of giving identity to a community. In the present days, traditional art is at a risk of fading away as it lacks acceptance and much-needed appreciation among the present day and contemporary artist. This is especially so in the art of interior design. The art of interior design is a practice that dates back to the early historical period and has been carried forward by artists to the recent historic period.

Jesus, according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, and Paul Term Paper

Jesus, according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, and Paul - Term Paper Example Matthew writes about Jesus in a king that had been spoke n about even by prophets of the Old Testament. He would rule all over Israel and Jesus was a divine king sent to oversee the people of God. Matthew 2: 5, 6 confirms that it was prophesied that a governor shall come to rule all over Israel. This verse serves to strengthen the assertion that above all, Jesus is King. Matthew also introduces Jesus like the new Moses. According to Him, They had almost similar reasons for coming (Matthew 1: 1 -4:11). Just like the case of Moses where the Kind attempted to kill him as a child, Jesus also went through the same. They both had a stint in Egypt and had to flee their lands and return after the demise of the tyrants they left behind. Just like Moses led the people of Israel, Matthew wants to create a portrait that assumes the same trend. The gospel of Mark talks about Jesus’ ministry in more details than the others before it. It is said to be written in times when there was persecution all around Jerusalem. It goes to be an issue of focus with regard to the plight of Jesus. According to mark, Jesus was a teacher whose ministry emphasized on the closeness of the kingdom of God and the need to repent and live by faith (Mark 1:14-15). The gospel of mark puts priority on the role of Jesus and how he is headed to the cross for the sake of humankind. It was the ultimate calling for Jesus. Therefore, Mark’s portrait of Jesus initially portrays him as a teacher with a purpose. Mark talks of Jesus selecting 12 disciples to help him spread the word of God in galilee and across other lands. In the process of spreading the word of God, Jesus is a miracle worker (Matthew 9:27. He makes the blind see and heals the sick.it was a demonstration of the power of God and the role of faith in life. He clarifies the role of disciples and teaches them to be ideal teacher. The

Your task is to write a mid-length research paper Essay

Your task is to write a mid-length research paper - Essay Example This essay will analyze fossil fuels from an ethical perspective. In addition, the essay explores how different ethical approaches would handle the topic. The impacts of fossils fuels on the environment are well known. Fossil fuels have been identified as the leading cause of fossil fuels. Despite the availability of alternative sources of energy such as solar, wind, geothermal, and nuclear energy, the question of fossil fuels persist. In addition, the cost of different oil based products and fuels such as gasoline, diesels, and lubricants have increased dramatically. This has resulted from increased cost of production and increasing demand. Despite these drawbacks, more and more wells are being sunk as pipelines to transport the commodity are being built. Moreover, car manufactures have been in full operation in their attempt to meet the demand. Global warming remains the main threat in the modern world. If the predictions on global warming are true, then the world would became inhabitable in the near future. It is our moral obligation to protect the globe as the home for humankind. The responsibilities of governments and policy makers remain as the main ethical issues into the matter. Indeed governments and policy makers are responsible for the well fare of the society. Moreover, government and policy makers should make policies that ensure long-term sustainability of the planet and humanity. This indicates the need to separate politics from environmental issues. In this case, governments and other policy makers are expected to make laws or policies that will ensure the long-term sustainability of the planet. The future of fossil fuels is a controversial issue and, hence the need for a detailed analyses. Ethical concerns on the topic should place the way forward concerning the continued use of fossil fuels. Firstly, the role of fossil fossils in global warming is an issue of concern in the modern

Educational attainment vary with childrens social class

Educational attainment vary with childrens social class   Increased diversity in our educational institutions as a result of modern globalisation has led to many different racial and linguistic backgrounds integrating together in schools. The impact on the British education system has thus seen a rise in the influx of children from different ethnic backgrounds. Despite the implementation of various policies to ensure that every child, regardless of ethnicity, social class and gender, has the access to the best education, the debate around inequality in education has still focused on the evidence of the underachievement of particular racial groups in our education system. The debate is a very complex one, and it requires looking at how each three variables interlink, since any one alone cannot account for the variation. This paper will attempt to discuss them, whilst critically analysing why and how they play such a critical role on an individual childs educational attainment, and whether or not it should concern us as practitioners.   The underperformance of certain ethnic minority children, in particular black African-Caribbean pupils, is well documented in the Swann Report (1985), which highlighted how this group of children perform consistently worse compared to their counterparts. The report also recognised that teacher racism, low expectations and stereotyping contribute to poorer performance. Indeed, pupils themselves in the report cited that there tended to be an emphasis on physical ability rather than academic, and thus felt stereotyped that they were only any good for their sports abilities. Institutional racism can play a vital role in the breakdown of rapport between teacher and pupil, which would almost certainly affect their educational attainment. Wright (1992) found in his observational research that children of African-Caribbean heritage saw their typical schooling experience as one of high teacher expectation for poor behaviour, high incidences of teacher disproval, criticism and control. Sim ilarly, Gillborn (1990) supports these findings, by highlighting how children in his study felt they were singled out for criticism, even though several pupils of different ethnic origins were engaged in the same behaviour. White students at the school confirmed these observations on unfair and frequent criticism. Thus, discrimination may influence how a child is treated within the educational institution and therefore may impede their learning opportunities within the classroom. Indeed, Sewell (1997) sought to focus on the interactions between teachers and African-Caribbean pupils with particular regard to the constructs of black masculinity and the tensions around their heritage. He found that the teachers in the survey displayed more control and criticism of these compared to other ethnic groups. Moreover, general staff views were negative. There was a high teacher expectation for challenges to teacher authority and inappropriate behaviour. Sewell (1997) concluded that there was a failure to deliver an inclusive curriculum, and to tackle institutional racism. This evidence clearly shows how a childs ethnic background can contribute to a negative learning environment which can affect their chances of performing well at school. Furthermore, Rutter et al (1999) extends this view by arguing that the notion of resistance is responsible for their underachievement; he argues that since the education system is dominated by white, middle-class male teachers, some black boys resist their efforts, and do not want to be taught by them, this negative perception creates the divide between the teacher and the pupil. Equally, as the report stated, some institutional racism on behalf of the teacher may also occur that can limit the crucial teacher-pupil rapport being built and consequent opportunities for learning. Additionally Moore et al (2001) continues to discuss how African-Caribbean males respond with aggression, and reject the education system primarily due to the do mination of white pupils. This adverse view, results in children trying to make an attempt to gain status and recognition through other means, for example through anti-social behaviour. Similar to the African-Caribbean males, those of Indian origin also revert to exhibit their anger, however rather than rejecting the educational system they use it to its advantage and proceed on to succeed. (Moore et al 2001).   Franklin (1998) argues that some institutional factors cause attainment to vary by ethnicity. He argues how school assessments are based on culturally biased tests, which are written primarily in English, leading to poor results and unsuitable intervention and overrepresentation in special educational needs. Although the Framework for the Identification and Assessment of Special Educational Needs in England and Wales (DfEE, 1994) warns against blurring special needs with special educational needs, and the need for assessment tools to be culturally neutral for a range of ethnic groups, Franklin argues that it is bland and general and not in enough detail. Moreover, Franklin and Franklin (1998) argue that the IQ definition is biased against bilingual children. In their study they found that bilingual children scored lower standardised reading scores on prose tests as opposed to single writing. They concluded that these children were less able to take advantage of the context in the prose test than the predominantly monolingual group on whom it had been standardized. It instead focused on higher order processing skills for example comprehension rather than spelling which is not confounded by higher order processing skills. Indeed, this would affect the educational attainment chances of some of the ethnic minority children such as Bangladeshi. Indeed, children with Bangladeshi origin are the worst performing group of children across all four Key Stages. Strand (2008) highlights how these children tend to fall behind at Key Stage 2 assessments, and then continue to fall behind as the children enter Key Stage 3 and Key Stage 4. It is interesting to note that even when accounting for other socio-economic factors, for example the free schools meals proxy for disadvantage that these children still tend to perform worse. Moreover, Strand (2008) also highlights how by the end of Key Stage 4, Chinese and Indian children actually overtake middle-class White children in the attainment league tables. It is therefore clear that there are other factors influencing why these children perform at a disadvantage to their peers, not ethnicity alone. Family factors such as family ethics may attempt to shed light on the reasons why some children are more involved at school than others. For example, the level of parental engagement with the school certainly varies between ethnic and social class group. Crozier (1996) conducted a case study of the experiences of a group of black parents in relation to their childrens schools. Although he found that many had educational knowledge and awareness of the school system, there remained a dissonance between these parents and the school. Indeed, parents are the first educators, and the most effective way of communicating with them as practitioners is to initiate a firm base of trust and openness, especially true for children with English as an additional language, since much more information is required from their pare nts in order to create fluidity across both the school and home settings. However, since Bangladeshi families face additional barriers presented to their community, since they are not as long established and therefore less fluent, this has a great influence on their childrens education. Furthermore, data from the National Child Development Study (Sacker et al 2002) highlighted how if the social class is high, then educational attainment tends to be high, however the strongest factor was parental engagement. Given that some parents are harder to reach than others; for reasons other than simply language barriers, may attempt to explain why their input into their childrens education is limited. Indeed, Harris and Chrispeels (2006) argue that certain ethnic and social groups are less likely to engage in their childs education and the school in which they attend.   The Berkow Report (2008) highlighted that children from a low socioeconomic background will have difficulties at school. Given the reality that the UKs minority ethnic groups as a whole are more likely to be in poverty than the population at large (Craig, 2002); coupled with the fact that they tend to get placed in housing in low socio-economic areas, provides a prediction towards their educational achievement. The impact of attending a disadvantaged school contributes to it also, due to uneven funding and allocation of resources. The Excellence in Cities scheme has helped to reduce low achievement through focusing on poor schools in areas of serious disadvantage. Moreover, the Narrowing the Gap (NFER, 2008) focuses on improving the home learning environment, which is essential for improving   childrens behaviour, wellbeing and later educational achievement (Sylva et al, 2004). Although the difference within social class has been a dominant feature in education, the government has tried to narrow the gap by introducing a number of initiatives from an early age, such as The Every Child Matters (2003) agenda, Sure Start schemes, and The Early Years Foundation Stage. Yet, the gap remains. Moore et al (2001) indicates that high performance in educational attainment is inclined by ones social status in society. He states that those with a lower social status are materially deprived, with less money to use, therefore are unable to use education to their full advantage. Moreover, the fact that black children attend lower quality schools on average is identified by Fryer and Levitt (2004). They argue that higher levels of free school meals, litter and gang culture makes for a more disadvantaged learning environment, as opposed to middle-class predominantly white schools. They also argue that these children lose ground to white children over the summer period as a c onsequence of a worse neighbourhood environment. Furthermore Douglas (1971) indicates that the most important factor in a child excelling through education is the parental interest given in a childs daily life at school. However, ethnicity has strong associations with the incidence of social class and poverty through different household structure, and child-rearing practices. For example, birth rates for Bangladeshi and Pakistani families are higher than the UK white population; therefore larger families need more money. Moreover, there is less individual attention on the child in these families. Barn (2006) explored the views and experiences of parents in key areas for example family support and education. The findings showed that minority ethnic family life is complex. Most parents wished to be involved in their childrens education, regardless of ethnic background and social class. Black and Asian parents in particular placed an enormous importance on the value of education which was less prominent among white. This places a tension on the reality of the educational achievements of such minority groups.   The reasons for this are complex. Strand (2008) focuses on socio economic classification on linguistic attainment to try and account for the gap. Through analysing data from the Youth Cohort Longitudinal Study, he highlights how children from high classified groups have a vocabulary 50% more than working class children, and 100% more of those on welfare. Since 50% of all African Caribbean births are to single women (Somerville, 2000) they are more susceptible to material deprivation, thus fewer learning opportunities. Indeed, a high quality home learning environment is essential for raising attainment highlighted through the EPPE project (Sylva, 2004). Clearly, any attempt to understand ethnic differences in the involvement/achievement link must first take into account the influence of socio-economic status. Ethnicity alone does not account. Ross and Ryan (1990) have documented that children can pick up and absorb racist values from early as three years old. They argue that positive self esteem is directly related to attainment, so it is vital that we are concerned as practitioners to raise their self esteem from an early age and promote inclusion of all racial backgrounds, regardless of their social class and gender. If a child feels they are worthless their self esteem decreased which affects their academic attainment (Purkey, 1970). It is clear to see that the Government recognises the disadvantages of children from particular ethnic backgrounds, through looking at the specific projects launched to help certain ethnic minority children, for example the Excellence in Cities scheme, and the Ethnic Minority Achievement Grant (EMAG). Moreover, the launch of the Aiming High: DfES National pilot project to Raise Levels of Attainment for African-Caribbean pupils was launched in 2003 with the aim of maximising levels of achievement. Such focus leads one to respond that indeed, educational attainment is affected by ethnicity, and therefore, as discussed, social class. The issue of gender also throws a complex light onto academic performance. On the whole, females tend to perform better than males academically, yet for Black African-Caribbeans, both male and female fall behind, compared to any other ethnic group (Strand, 2008).This therefore, seems to suggest that this particular ethnic group is underperforming for another reason, such as the reasons given above. The issues surrounding gender performance and achievement are complex, affecting different sub-groups of boys and girls in different ways, often reflecting the influence of class and ethnicity. The traditional criterion for monitoring the school system has been the proportion of students securing five or more A* to C grades in public examinations at 16-plus. Since the late 1980s this figure has been rising steadily, however the gap in the performance of boys and girls appears to have been widening parallel to this. The National Pupil Database (2002) highlighted how girls performed better a cross all groups, however there are many complex reasons as to why this is. Firstly, there are scientific explanations for example whilst children are young, numerous changes take place, each child begins to develop   physically, emotionally, socially and intellectually at their own pace, they begin to acquire   the understanding of the environments they are exposed to whilst their ability to communicate   with their peers strengthens. Scientific evidence states the physical structure of the brain may be the reason as to why both sexes have a variance in attainment. The development of language within boys comes at a slower pace than that of girls, as girls acquire language rapidly, and at an earlier stage. Girls also focus for lengthier periods of time when in conversation and are able to concentrate more in the classroom. Therefore the structure of the brain shows advantage to the girls (Watkins, 1991). Furthermore, Haralambos et al 1997 states that research over the past 30 years shows a consistency of trends whereby girls at the age of 16 left school after acquiring better grades than boys. Government s tatistics indicate that the variance in attainment achievement between boys and girls start from an early age. Data from the 2007 examinations in England, from Key Stage One and Key Stage Three examinations show that girls achieved higher marks then boys. However in the mathematics papers taken at key stage 2, showed that boys outperformed girls by 2%.In comparison to the papers taken by Key Stage 3 the differences amongst the sexes was higher. It has also been argued that the curriculum has become feminised whereby it works in favour to the females, whilst disadvantaging the boys (Mac and Ghaill, 1994). They argue that there has been a crisis of masculinity, because of the decline in traditional manual jobs. This has led, to an identity crisis, and made it easier for some males to question the need for qualifications when the jobs they would have traditionally gone into no longer exist. Unmistakably the issue around boys underachieving within education in comparison to girls is a major cause for concern. Perhaps the specific focus on some of the ethnic minority groups have shifted the concern away from the white population, with the result being that white working-class boys are now underperforming consistently through the education system. The statistics presented are undeniable, particularly whilst it is becoming an increasing trend for boys to take the opportunity of turning away from formal education at a young age. Thus being the reason why parents and practitioners need to be able to recognise the changes in a child from earlier on so that there is support available for the child to be able to make the right decisions. The variance amongst children can be immense, as mentioned above; each child is individual and develops at their own pace. Although these differences can be vast, it is up to teaching professionals and parents to be aware of this and to be able to recognise it, particularly when each child approaches the learning process in different ways. In conclusion, it is clear to see that not any one variable of social class, ethnicity and gender stand alone as a cause behind a childs educational attainment; rather they interlink in quite a complex way. It should concern us, since we, the practitioners who are helping to shape their futures, need to understand that all three interlink to produce each unique child, which is at the very heart of the Every Child Matters agenda.

Leading and Managing Change :: Organizational Development, Planned Change

Organisational development is both a professional field of social action and an area of scientific inquiry†. (Cummings and Worley, 2009, p.1). Organisational development does not have common definition; however, it has more than one definition that expresses the meaning of organisational development and change. Organisational development can be best described as a â€Å"system wide process of data collection, diagnosis, action planning, intervention, and evaluation aimed at enhancing congruence among organisational structure, process, strategy, people, and culture; developing new and creative organisational solution; and developing the organisation’s self-renewing capacity.† (Beer as cited in Cummings and Worley, 2009, p.2). It occurs through the cooperation of organisational members working with a change agent using behavioural science theory, research, and technology (Beer as cited in Cummings and Worley, 2009, p.2). Organisational development and change managem ent deal with the effective implementation of planned change (Cummings and Worley, 2009, p.3). The two terms deal with the leadership issues and the change process (Cummings and Worley, 2009, p.3). Change is very critical process for every organisation and it is a characteristic of organisational development. Change is moving from one state to another; it is the inevitable aspect of life and the essence of any organisation (sharma,2007,p.1);it is the only constant and is moving target as change pace became so rapid so it needs effective management and leadership to be successfully implemented (Cummings and Worley, 2009, p.27). Change Management: Management and change are interrelated. It is impossible to undertake a journey without addressing its purpose (Paton and Mccalman, 2008, p.3). â€Å"Managing change is about handling the complexities of change; it is about evaluating, planning, and implementing operational tactics and strategies† (Paton and Mccalman, 2008, p.3). According to Armenikas and Bedeian organisational change is greatly responsive to management; its possibility remains high as managers strive for successful and perfect change in the organisation (Paton and Mccalman, 2008, p.3). Change management is a complex, and dynamic process; it is about finding best fit for the organisation to get best results (Paton and Mccalman, 2008, p.4). The environment is rapidly changing resulting from changes in technologies, customers’ preferences, alteration in the economy and many other factors (Paton and Mccalman, 2008, p.10) so organisations have to take the journey of change to cope with the external forces facing them and that is done through management. In order to be able to manage change effectively, managers have to look to the faults and problems found in the organisation, putting alternatives and stating its pros and cons, decide on the future state of the organisation and then implement the change process (Paton and Mccalman,2008,p.